Impact of Globalization on Sme with Respect to Tanzanian...

1.0. INTRODUCTION Looking back, the next generation’s economists may be puzzled by the structure of the world economy in 1995. Today, developing countries (DCs) and the former Soviet bloc account for about one half of world output and the rich industrialized countries for the other. But this picture is likely to change rapidly over the next 25 years: At current growth rates, the rich world’s share of global output could shrink to less than two fifths by 2020. Although the absolute magnitudes are uncertain, it is safe to assume that there will be an enormous shift of economic power from today’s rich countries to what are still labeled DCs, and especially to Asian DCs This shift is the likely result of the ongoing globalization of economic†¦show more content†¦As transaction and communication costs fall, the proximity between sellers and buyers, which has traditionally been considered to be essential for many services, figures less prominently. Most important in this regard is that financial capital has gone global. Nowadays, the financial centres of the world economy provide the possibility for 24 hour trading in all sorts of financial assets. The deregulation of other business services such as banking and insurance also offers new opportunities for the tradability of services. Hence, standardized business services have become available around the world, which, in turn, has made the international fragmentation of production feasible. As a consequence of all this, not only the constraints on firms, but also on governments have completely changed. Globalization shapes the world economy in different ways. Most obviously, international trade and capital flows are affected. Over the last 30 years or so, international trade has grown faster on average than production, implying a more integrated world economy. Closer integration brings about opportunities for specialization, and hence increases interdependencies. This is highlighted by changes in the structure of world trade. For example, international sourcing, i.e. the purchase of intermediate inputs from foreign sources, has grown faster than domestic sourcing and now accounts for about half of all imports by major countries [OECD 19946d]; intra-industry trade has

Tescos Customer Focused Strategy - 1433 Words

The market share under Tesco’s control has been progressively increasing since the nineties and as consequence of the retailer’s customer focused strategy. The strategy seek to achieve long-term growth while focusing on four elements, Non-food business, Core UK business, Global market as well as retailing services (Davenport, Leibold and Voelpel, 2006, p. 212). Tesco seeks to continually increase its market share while making sure that it provides exceptional value as well as choice for customers. Apart from food products, the retailer seeks to enhance its market share through offering nonfood products that include a broad array of electrical equipment, clothing, furniture, home entertainment, home furnishings as well as cooking tools among others. Retailing services strategy also changes in order to react to shopping demands of customers through offerings of new products and services. So that the market leader position of Tesco can be sustained and strengthened, the retailer should always endeavor to meet the ever increasing needs of the customers (FitzRoy, Hulbert and Ghobadian, 2011, p. 20). In 2003, the retailer became aggressively involved through sponsorship of seminars, talks and symposiums on health issues while focusing on the prevention of illnesses. Therefore, the retailer may decide promote the fresh and healthy foods it offers to customers while highlighting the significance of a healthy mind and body. The company can introduce food supplements, vitamins andShow MoreRelatedTesco Strategic Options948 Words   |  4 PagesDiversification This is a most risky strategy as organisation enters into new market where it has no information available or less experience. The risk could be failure of acceptance of products by consumers not making enough sales. Tesco has diversified its market by launching different non-food products into new markets. Tesco enjoys long-term success due to being focused and Tesco has main core vision, which remains same while the corporate strategies change according to the changing worldRead MoreTesco Corporate Strategy913 Words   |  4 PagesTesco: Encyclopedia II - Tesco - Corporate strategy Tesco - Corporate strategy Tescos growth over the last two or three decades has involved a transformation of its strategy and image. Its initial success was based on the Pile it high, sell it cheap approach of the founder Jack Cohen. The disadvantage of this was that the stores had a poor image with middle-class customers. In the late 1970s Tescos brand image was so negative that consultants advised the company to change the name of itsRead MoreBusiness Strategy Of Sainsbury And The Superstore Sector1268 Words   |  6 Pagesindependently to attracting the customers. The strategy of Sainsbury’s for its customers is on delivering an effective service quality, whereas ASDA is engaged in procuring value for its customers and these competitive attempts employed by the Tesco’s rivals are creating the issue of managing price and quality of its commodities (Which, 2012). Moreover, the customers of Tesco independently have an insignificant amount of strength in terms of the entire corporate strategy of the company (Tesco, 2011a)Read MoreTesco: from Domestic Operator to Multinational Giant (Case Study from Exploring Strategy 9/E)1048 Words   |  5 PagesOperator to Multinational Giant. 1. Identify the reasons behind Tesco’s Internationalization Strategy. Tesco sought to take advantage of undeserved and immature markets, particularly in Europe and followed by Asia. Central Europe in particular was the first phase of its expansion in the post-soviet era. Tesco had achieved measurable success in the UK market which was highly regulated and competitive. Due to regulatory pressures, Tesco focused on its operations and capital investment within UK, whichRead MoreImportance Of Stakeholders In Tesco870 Words   |  4 Pagesor is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives. Furthermore, stakeholders are the suppliers, customers, employees, stockholders and the local communities who contributes positively for the growth of any business by having claim in an enterprise (Langtry, 1994).With respect to the annual report of Tesco (2016), stakeholders are defined as group of people (customers), colleagues, shareholders, and supplier partners who have a solid governance framework which helps in rebuildingRead MoreTesco s E Business Model1707 Words   |  7 PagesTesco’s E-Business Model Regarding the e-business model of Tesco, the retail giant has adopted the Market Portal Model, which is an interactive model (Tidd and Bessant, 2015). This model accommodates not only the customers but the supplier side as well. It also includes the innovative functions and features that enable both the customers and suppliers to do business in an effective way. The popularity of this model is that some others global retails, such as U.S.-based Wal-Mart, have also adoptedRead MoreThe Vision And Mission Of Tesco Essay1380 Words   |  6 Pagessuccess does not happen by chance. Tesco’s leaders have always a high standards and clear goals. Moreover, leaders put customers, communities and employees as a heart of the organisation that has to consider through delivering a great shopping experience for every customer and generating the satisfaction for employees in workplace (Tesco 2015). Vision and Mission The vision and mission plays an important role in the organisation. Long- term business success is focused by Tesco through a core vision whichRead MoreEssay on Tesco Value Chain1017 Words   |  5 Pagesjuncture, it is intriguing as to Why TESCO has been successful in creating value for customers and capturing it? From here on, we analyze how TESCO competes aggressively to capture value from its competitors and suppliers. Further, the essay will delve into how TESCO cooperates with its competitors to expand the Potential Industry earnings and create value for the whole chain. TESCO’s Value Capturing Strategies TESCO believes in being the â€Å"lowest priced† firm in the mass market segment. ForRead MoreCustomer1411 Words   |  6 Pagesa successful company should focus on its products and profits. But now, marketers tend to regard satisfying customer needs as one of the key elements of achieving success under contemporary marketing environment where is filled with fierce competition. This indicates that many firms nowadays always attempt to identify customer needs and concentrate its production and strategies on customer demand in order to survive in the market. This essay will firstly clarify the reasons behind the trend, whichRead MoreCase Study : Tesco s Core Values Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pageswhich each sell over  £1 billion per year. Tesco’s core values include a commitment to using its scale for good by being a responsible retailer. In 2010, it opened world s first zero-carbon supermarket in Ramsey, Cambridgeshire and it was awarded Green Retailer of the Year at the Annual Grocer Gold Awards 2012. Companies, like Tesco, that enjoy long-term success, are focused businesses and they have a core vision that remains constant while the business strategies and practices continuously adapt to a

Muncie McLaughlin Essay Example For Students

Muncie McLaughlin Essay Previously children were perceived as idyllic and innocent creatures, with the possibility of them being the perpetrators of serious offences hardly a possibility. Unfortunately in recent years this perception has begun to change to stigma of youths as trouble makers. Often adults complain about the increase in Youth drinking and drug taking, and increased activity outside their family life, loitering on corners etc. Although the start of this transformation is difficult to pin down, Brown puts forward the notion that events like the Bulger Killing in 1993 contributed greatly to the loss of adults sense of belief of children as innocent. This comes mainly from the fact that the murder was committed by two ten year old boys, who had no motive or committed previous serious offences. To the vast majority of people the event came as a great shock, yet also enlightened many to the painful reality that anyone, of any age, could commit heinous crimes. Brown goes on to sum up her analysis by stating that, The real violence of the Bulger case is arguably the violence it did to adult notions of childhood (Brown 1998: p. 2). Yet the fact lies that people still perceive children as more perpetrators of crime that recipients. This essay aims to first cover where this stigma arises in practice and what policies are in place to combat youth crime. It will then go on to outline in depth some areas where children are being victimised, specifically in the case of domestic violence, but also with regard to bullying and internet pornography. This will show that the current attitude towards children in fact contributes to an increasing amount of child abuse in this country, and that without rapid policy implementation severe damage could be done to this countrys youth. When looking at youth offences it is important to take into account what types of crimes are being committed. Over 80 percent of youth crime is property related i. e. handling stolen goods, stealing from shops, cars or schools and burglary. There is little violent crime committed by young people. Whereas the more serious offences like murder, rape, assaults and muggings are predominantly carried out by adults, children are actually the prime recipients of personal crime (Curtis, 1999: p. 89). Although this may seem to go against the idea of youths as dangerous and adults as the recipients of their crimes, there is still the issue of what causes youths to commit the levels of property offences that are being seen, and how it could be stopped. A lot of the blame goes on parents for youth crime. An unfriendly family atmosphere is said to drive some children to depression, and can lead to drug abuse or delinquency (Curtis, 1999: p. 91). But additionally, treatment in education, generally the I hate school attitude, but also bullying, can also lead to delinquency and truancy. In the case of drug abuse it is difficult to measure the effect on society because while there may be an increase in drug abuse among youths, drugs are still being almost exclusively supplied by adults to minors, which is where the real problems amount on that issue. Delinquency is also a contentious issue because when does it become a crime? In reality it is not delinquency itself which causes crime, but what it leads to. As Paul C. Friday puts it in Giller and Morris book Providing Criminal Justice for Children, anti-social behaviour of youth is often viewed as a precursor to more serious acts. Consequently, much of the available research tends to operationally define delinquency as youth crime, but nonetheless, draw etiological generalizations from prior anti-social behaviour (Giller Morris, 1983: Chap. 3, p. 40). The question therefore arises; can government treat youths as offenders before theyve committed crimes, on the pretence of stopping it from ever happening? That would be a policy issue which, while having clear benefits in reducing crime, would be treading a fine line between that and infringing on civil liberties and rights. .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .postImageUrl , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:hover , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:visited , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:active { border:0!important; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:active , .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf41552d37c22f6c1ea0267811c54536d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The western EssayInterestingly in the same book Ray Jones draws on some important conclusions to delinquency as the major cause of youth crime. He notes that while delinquency is the major precursor of juvenile crimes it is difficult to react harshly to it because of three major reasons. Firstly, only 7 percent of delinquency related crime is violent, most amounting to only small thefts and minor damage to property. When considered in perspective with the levels of serious crimes being committed by adults it is hard to justify a hard line. Secondly, the majority of delinquent youths are victims of our social structure, i. e. from deprived backgrounds. It would therefore be unfair to single them out, as some would call it blaming the victim. Thirdly, and most simply, it would likely lead to more delinquency (Giller Morris, 1983: Chap. 6, p. 92). A significant implication here is that an effective policy for stopping delinquency, and subsequently a major source of youth crime, would simply be to improve standards of living. Moving away from the concept that theres always a cause of a cause etc , many argue that because the majority of youth crimes are small scale petty crimes, committed against the community, a policy of Restorative Justice could be employed to stop re-offending.

The Locked Door free essay sample

It was a normal Friday evening, but I’d had a strange feeling all day, a feeling that something was going to happen. Wandering alone down the empty streets of Lishwood, I saw a huge desolate building. Somehow it was attracking, but frightening as well. I was hesitating whether I go in or go home instead. But so curious I was that I entered the imposing building. Surprisingly its door was open. I felt amazed by staring at the richly decorated hall, although it seemed to have been abandoned for many years, I couldn’t imagine why. In the hall I found two doors; I opened the left door and entered a little room. Probably it was a girl’s room because there was a trestle-table with mirror in it. The room reminded me to earlier times as the furnitures were antique. I liked it very much, I could imagine myself living there. We will write a custom essay sample on The Locked Door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With growing curiosity I left the room and continued discovering the building. I looked round in every room, opened every door, but there was a door that I couldn’t open. It was locked. I felt disappointed in front of it. That was the only door in the huge building that was locked, and I wanted to open it. I searched for the key but I couldn’t find anything in that room, so I started to scan the whole house. Hardly had the clock struck midnight when I finally found the key. But suddenly I heard a strange noise and I was terrified. My whole body froze in fear. †Don’t be silly, Lily! † – I told to myself, – †It was just the wind. † I went to the door with the key, but as soon as I had got there, I heard the noise again. I began to feel really worried and tried to get out of the house. It sounded like the steps of a man. Slow and heavy steps. I thought he had noticed me because I could hear him more closer. I didn’t know what to do. I’m just a curious young girl and at that moment I cursed myself because of my curiosity. I hid under the bed of the largest room and was waiting in silence. After a while I couldn’t hear the man anymore, the feelings of shock and fear began to subside. I crawled out from under the bed and was about to leave the building, but I saw the key on the floor that I dropped when I tried to hide. My curiosity came back so I walked to the door to open it. I put the key into the lock and turned it away. I opened the door, not prepared at all for what I was about to experience there. And then I woke up. It had been a strange dream, but frightening and exciting as well. I could say, an interesting combination of feelings. And so real it was that I didn’t even know that I was dreaming. The Locked Door free essay sample It was a normal Friday evening, but Id had a strange feeling all day, a feeling that something was going to happen. Wandering alone down the empty streets of Likelihood, I saw a huge desolate building. Somehow it was attracting, but frightening as well. I was hesitating whether I go in or go home instead. But so curious I was that I entered the imposing building. Surprisingly its door was open. I felt amazed by staring at the richly decorated hall, although it seemed to have been abandoned for many years, I couldnt imagine why. In the hall I found two doors; I opened the left door and entered a little room.Probably it was a girls room because there was a trestle-table with mirror in it. The room reminded me to earlier times as the furniture were antique. I liked it very much, I could imagine myself living there. We will write a custom essay sample on The Locked Door or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With growing curiosity I left the room and continued discovering the building. I looked round in every room, opened every door, but there was a door that I couldnt open. It was locked. I felt disappointed in front of it. That was the only door in the huge building that was locked, and I wanted to open it. I searched for the key but I couldnt find anything in that room, so I started to scan the whole house.Hardly had the clock struck midnight when I finally found the key. But suddenly I heard a strange noise and I was terrified. My whole body froze In fear. Dont be silly, Lily! I told to myself, It was Just the wind. I went to the door with the key, but as soon as I had got there, I heard the noise again. I began to feel really worried and tried to get out of the house. It sounded like the steps off man. Slow and heavy steps. I thought he had noticed me because I could hear him more closer. I didnt know what to do. Im Just a curious young girl and at that moment I cursed myself because of my curiosity.I held ender the bed of the largest room and was waiting In silence. After a while I couldnt hear the man anymore, the feelings of shock and fear began to subside. I crawled out from under the bed and was about to leave the building, but I saw the key on the floor that I dropped when I tried to hide. My curiosity came back so I walked to the door to open It. I put the key Into the lock and turned It away. I opened the door, not prepared at all for what I was about to experience there. And then I woke up. It had been a strange dream, but frightening and excellent as well. I could say, an Interesting combination of feelings.And so real It was that I didnt even know that I was dreaming. And I was terrified. My whole body froze in fear. Dont be silly, Lily! I told to myself, house. It sounded like the steps of a man. Slow and heavy steps. I thought he had curious young girl and at that moment I cursed myself because of my curiosity. I hid under the bed of the largest room and was waiting in silence. Walked to the door to open it. I put the key into the lock and turned it away. I opened It had been a strange dream, but frightening and exciting as well. I could say, an interesting combination of feelings. And so real it was that I didnt even know.

Platypus Essays - Monotremes, Sleep, Dream, Neurophysiology

Platypus The platypus, apparently, is a surprisingly deep sleeper. What's more, it spends more of its time in so-called 'REM' sleep than any other mammal. These are the conclusions of a study on sleep in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and colleagues. Their report appears in a special number of Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society devoted to the biology of the platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), celebrating the bicentenary of the discovery, in Australia, of this remarkable animal. 'REM' stands for 'rapid eye-movement' and is the kind of sleep in which the brain can be more active than in it is while awake, the animal twitches, and the eyelids flicker ? hence the name. In humans, REM sleep is associated with dreaming. But does the platypus have an extraordinarily rich dream life? Possibly not, say the researchers: "cats, opossums, armadillos and other mammals not known for their intellectual achievements have far more REM sleep, whether calculated in hours per day or as a percentage of total sleep time, than humans." And why study sleep in the platypus anyway? After all, the platypus is an obscure and extremely primitive creature, distantly related to humans. The answer lies in that primitive state: studying the physiology of the platypus could yield clues about the life and behaviour of the very earliest mammals. The platypus belongs to a group of mammals with very ancient roots. Apart from the platypus itself, the group ? the monotremes ? includes two species of echidna, or 'spiny anteater'. All three species are confined to Australasia. Monotremes lay eggs, like birds and reptiles, but unlike all other mammals. They also have a range of other reptile-like anatomical features, features that have been lost in more 'advanced' mammals. Researchers think that monotremes have been distinct as a group for at least 80 million years, long before the dinosaurs became extinct. Monotremes have taken a cameo role in studies on the evolution of mammalian brain function. A study in 1972 suggested that the echidna Tachyglossus had no REM sleep. This was important, because it implied that REM sleep must have evolved in higher mammals. Subsequent research made this result look anomalous, as REM-like sleep phenomena have since been observed in birds and some reptiles: in which case, the echidna may have lost the capacity somewhere in its evolution. This is the conundrum that Siegel and colleagues have been investigating. First, it turns out that the term 'REM' is a misnomer: animals may show REM sleep even though their eyes don't move, and their bodies don't twitch. REM is properly defined as a characteristic pattern of activity in the brain, generated by specific neuronal pathways in the brainstem ? whether or not this activity is carried forwards into the 'higher' centres of the brain (where it is manifested as dreaming). Recordings from discreetly implanted electrodes show that the echidna does, after all, show a kind of REM sleep generated by the brainstem, even though it is rather muted and the animal shows no outward signs. Young animals show more REM sleep than older ones, and it could be that very young echidnas have a more active sleeping life (including twitching) than older ones. The platypus, though, shows all the classic outward signs of REM sleep. Indeed, an account from as long ago as 1860, before REM sleep was discovered, reported that young platypus showed 'swimming' movements of their forepaws while asleep. Despite these differences, the REM sleep of the platypus and the echidna is confined to the brainstem: the forebrain shows the regular, steady patterns of neuronal activity associated with deep, dreamless sleep. This suggests that for all their REM sleep, monotremes do not dream. These findings set our understanding of the evolution of sleep on a firmer footing. It now seems that the 'core' brainstem activity manifested as REM sleep has extremely ancient roots, going back to the reptilian acnestors of mammals as well as birds. The elaboration of REM sleep into the forebrain is a later innovation: but whether it evolved once and monotremes have since lost it, or if it evolved more than once, is something that only more work on birds and reptiles can establish. The platypus, apparently, is a surprisingly deep sleeper. What's more, it spends more of its time in so-called 'REM' sleep than any other mammal. These are the conclusions of a study on sleep in the platypus by Jerry M. Siegel of the Sepulveda Veterans' Affairs Medical Center, North Hills, California and colleagues. Their report appears

Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Essay Example

Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Essay Example Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Paper Outline of the Rwandan Genocide Paper Outline of the Rwandan Genocide: Draft Introduction Rwanda is a small land-locked nation, about 26,338 square kilometres in size, bordered by Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Uganda and Tanzania. Though mainly flat, the country has a large mountain range on its northwest coast – the Virunga Mountains – that are home to the famous Rwandan Mountain Gorillas. In 1994, this seemingly insignificant country put itself on the world map, but for all the wrong reasons. Over a period of just one hundred days, over 800,000 Rwandans were killed in one of the worst genocides of the 20th Century. Tutsis and their Hutu supporters (the two ethnic groups in Rwanda) were massacred by Hutu militias, who encouraged ordinary citizens to kill their Tutsi neighbours. Between April and July 1994, while Europe and America looked on, this African nation was plunged into a state of severe panic and fear. Ethnic Tension: Tutsis and Hutus Though considered two different ethnic groups, the Tutsis and Hutus speak the same language, inhabit the same regions, have the same customs and traditions, and have intermarried for generations. In fact, there are very little physical differences between the two groups at all. In 1916 when Belgian colonists arrived in Rwanda, they distinguished between the two groups and consequently began to treat them differently. They believed that the minority Tutsis were superior and offered them better jobs and education, leading to ethnic tension. It is believed by some historians that the two were never defined by ethnicity, but by class or caste. Traditionally, the Hutu herded cattle and grew crops, whereas the Tutsi herdsmen became the landowners, a leading position that may have led to the belief held by the Belgians. Ethnic tension grew, culminating with the loss of over 100,000 Tutsis during a Hutu rebellion from 1956 to 1959. During the early sixties, after independence was achieved in 1962, hundreds of thousands of Tutsis fled to neighbouring countries and were refused return by the Hutu governments. The desire to return to their homeland led to the formation of the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) by Tutsi exiles in Uganda. Build Up to Genocide In 1973, Major General Juvenal Habyarimana, a northern Hutu, seized power in Rwanda. He attempted to overcome ethnic divisions, but failed due to the introduction of several anti-Tutsi measures such as their exclusion from secondary schools and universities. Discontent increased among the Rwandan people as many became impatient with the governments corrupt favouritism to northern Hutus. The post-1987 collapse of international coffee prices led to a severe economic decline in Rwanda, as coffee was their main exporter. These factors led to the 1990 Civil War, when the RPF invaded and fought against Habyarimana’s regime. In March 1992, a Transitional Coalition Government was formed, a cease-fire declared, a peace accord signed by Habyarimana and the RPF invasion halted with the assistance of the French military. Rwanda’s problems were not over however, and on April 6th 1994 a plane flying over Kigali (the nation’s capital), carrying Habyarimana and the president of Burundi, Cyprien Ntaryamira (also a Hutu), was shot down. Both men were killed. The Genocide Almost immediately political opponents of Habyarimana were murdered and the Akuza (Presidential Guard) launched a campaign of mass slaughter. Military officials, businessmen and politicians began organizing massacres. The Radio Television Libre des Mille Collines (a private radio station) called publicly for Tutsis to be killed wherever possible. Most killings were carried out by two unofficial all-Hutu militia groups – the Interahamwe (National Revolutionary Movement for Development) and the Impuzamugambi (Coalition for the Defense of Freedom). At its peak, the Interahamwe had 30,000 members united by a commitment to wiping out the Tutsis. As well as Tutsis of all ages and backgrounds, Hutus who supported ethnic reconciliation were also targeted. Public massacres (in churches, for example) were common and carried out almost entirely by hand, using clubs, machetes, sticks, axes and spears. Ordinary Hutu citizens were forced to kill their Tutsi neighbours – often people whom they had lived beside for many years and befriended. In the country, Hutu chiefs prepared â€Å"death lists† of local Tutsis, rounded up victims and made suitable sites available for massacres. Reaction: The Rwandan Patriotic Front In defense to this ruthless killing, the 14,000-man Tutsi-dominated RPF launched an offensive against the killers. Finally, in mid-July, they defeated the 35,000-man army and the militias, drove the remnants of the army and government into Zaire (now the Democratic Republic of Congo), and took control of the capital Kigali, declaring a ceasefire. United Nations aid workers and troops arrived to maintain order and bring back basic services. A multi-ethnic government took power, led by Hutu President Pasteur Bizimunga, Hutu Prime Minister Faustin Twagiramunga, and Tutsi Vice President/Minister of Defense Major General Paul Kagame, commander of the RPF. Most other cabinet posts were given to members of the RPF. After the Genocide: Refugees and International Support Following the end of the genocide in July and August 1994, two million Hutu civilians fled, joining one million already in exile. In Zaire, the destination of most refugees, sick and starving Hutu exiles were dying at an appalling rate of 2000 per day. The government encouraged them to return to the food, water and relative safety waiting for them in Rwanda, but fears spread by former government troops that Hutus would be prosecuted on return prevent many from going home. Genocide Trials did not start until the end of 1996 when many had eventually returned, but are still expected to take years to complete. In 1999, more than 120,000 citizen accused of involvement in the genocide were packed into overcrowded jails. Rwanda is still suffering because of the genocide fourteen years ago. Genocide trials are still under way and the government is gradually trying to improve living standards in their country. Families are still struggling with the loss of so many friends and relatives; one tenth of Rwanda’s population (800. 000 out of 8,000,000) was killed in just those one hundred days. One of the main issues still in debate today is the lack of action of the international community. Over 2500 UNAMIR (United Nations Assistance Mission to Rwanda) agents had been stationed in the country since 1993, but all but 270 were withdrawn shortly after the start of the genocide. The UN refused to call the events â€Å"genocide†, as that would have obliged the UN and USA to send officials to stop the massacres. French, Belgian and Americans citizens were speedily removed from Rwanda, but claims that they were forbidden to intervene caused no assistance to be given to locals. In 1998, US president Bill Clinton issued an apology on behalf of the international community that not enough was done, and not quickly enough, to help the Rwandan people and to stop the genocide, which was what it should have been called from the start. Timeline: Important Events in the Genocide 6 April 1994: President Habyarimana and Burundian President Cyprien Ntaryamira are killed the plane they are in is shot down above Kigali. Hutu extremists opposed to their President signing the Arusha Peace Accords are believed to be behind the attack. April: The Rwandan armed forces and Interahamwe militia begin the systematic killing of Tutsis and moderate Hutus. UN forces stationed in Rwanda find themselves unable to intervene due to a â€Å"monitoring† mandate. 8 April: The Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) launches a major offensive to end the killings. 9-10 April: French, Belgian and American civilians are rescued by their governments, but no help is given to native Rwandans. 11 Apr il: The International Red Cross (IRC) estimate: tens of thousands dead. UN soldiers protecting 2,000 Tutsis at a school are ordered to withdraw to Kigali airport. Most Tutsis are killed after their departure. 14 April: Belgium withdraws its troops from the UN peacekeeping force in Rwanda due to the death of 10 troops in the previous week. 15 April: Slaughter of thousands of Tutsis gathered at Nyarubuye Church seeking protection. 21 April: The UN cuts the level of its forces in Rwanda from 2500 to just 270 troops. IRC estimate: over 100,000 dead. 30 April: The UN condemns the killing but omits the word genocide so that emergency genocide assistance doesn’t need to be given. Tens of thousands of refugees flee into neighbouring Burundi, Tanzania and Zaire. Mid-May: IRC estimate: 500,000 dead. 17 May: The UN Security Council says that acts of genocide may have been committed. It agrees to send 5,500 troops with to defend civilians, however deployment is delayed by disagreements between the US and UN over the financing of the operation. Trivial arguments include what colour to paint vehicles. 22 June: With arguments over the deployment still continuing, the UN authorises an emergency force of 2,500 French troops under Operation Turquoise to create a safe area in the government-controlled south-west part of Rwanda. The killing of Tutsis continues in the safe area despite the presence of the French. 4 July: The RPF takes control of Kigali and the southern town of Butare. 13-14 July: Refugees fleeing the RPF flood into Zaire. Approximately 10,000-12,000 refugees per hour cross the border into the town of Goma. There is a severe lack of food, water and shelter in refugee camps. 18 July: The RPF announces that the war is over, declares a cease-fire and names Pastor Bizimungu as president with Faustin Twagiramungu as prime minister and Paul Kagame (commander of the RPF) as Vice President/Minister of Defence. August: It is reported that approximately 2000 Hutu refugees in Zaire are dying every day due to inadequate living conditions. The newly instated Rwandan government is pleading for their return to food, water and relative safety in Rwanda. However, former government troops involved in genocide organisation convince innocent Hutu refugees that the Tutsis will arrest them on return to Rwanda. November: International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda is established by the UN Security Council to try those convicted of genocide involvement. Timeline adapted from: BBC6/04/04, â€Å"Timeline: 100 days of genocide† , 29/08/08, http://news. bc. co. uk/1/hi/world/africa/3580247. stm BIBLIOGRAPHY BBC, 1/04/04, â€Å"Rwanda: How the genocide happened†, 16/08/08, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/africa/1288230. stm BBC, 30/03/04, â€Å"When good men do nothing†, 16/08/08, http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/3577575. stm WGBH Educational Foundation, 2008, â€Å"100 Days of Slaughter – A Chronology of U. S. /U. N. Actions†, 16/08/08, pbs. org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/evil/etc/slaughter. html Ramsey, J. , â€Å"Global Studies: Africa†, Dushkin/McGraw Hill, Connecticut Peace Pledge Union, N/D, â€Å"Rwanda 1994†, 20/08/08, ppu. org. k/genocide/g_rwanda. html Cable News Network, Inc. , 1998, â€Å"Rwanda plumbs unanswered questions of 1994 genocide†, 25/08/08, http://edition. cnn. com/WORLD/africa/9804/07/rwanda/index. html Nouvel Observateur, 2006, â€Å"BBCs Stephen Sackur talks to Rwandas president, Paul Kagame on 7 December 2006†, 25/08/08, olny. nl/RWANDA/Lu_Pour_Vous/Dossier_Special_Habyarimana/Interview_Kagame_BBC_Hard_Talk_07_12_2006_FR. html Covert Action, N/D, â€Å"Genocide in Rwanda†, 25/08/08, http://mediafilter. org/caq/caq52rwanda. html Stanton, G. , 1998, â€Å"The 8 Stages of Genocide†, 27/08/08, genocidewatch. rg/8stages. htm United Human Rights Council, N/D, â€Å"Genocid e in Rwanda†, 28/08/08, unitedhumanrights. org/Genocide/genocide_in_rwanda. htm Gendercide Watch, 2002, â€Å"Case Study: Genocide in Rwanda, 1994†, 28/08/08, gendercide. org/favicon. ico CATO Institute, 27/03/07, â€Å"REAL ID, the race card†, 31/08/08, cato-at-liberty. org/2007/03/27/real-id-the-race-card/ Johnson, J. , 30/04/07, â€Å"Politics, Theory and Photography†, 31/08/08, http://politicstheoryphotography. blogspot. com/2007_04_01_archive. html BBC, 4/04/04, Massacre at Nyarubuye Church†, 31/08/08, http://news. bc. co. uk/2/hi/programmes/panorama/rwanda/default. stm Rotburg, I. , 2005, â€Å"Rwanda†, Mason Crest Publishers, Jordan Keane, F. , 1996, â€Å"Season of Blood†, Penguin Books, England Melvern, L. , 2004, â€Å"Conspiracy to Murder†, Verso, London Washington College of Law, N/D, â€Å"Group One: The Hutus and Tutsis†, 1/09/08, wcl. american. edu/humright/center/rwanda/jigsaw1. pdf? rd=1 Dallaire, R. , 2004, â€Å"Shake Hands With the Devil†, Arrow Books, London Allen, T. , Winter 2002, â€Å"General Romeo Dallaire – United Nations/Canada†, 4/09/08, thirdworldtraveler. com/Heroes/Gen_Romeo_Dallaire. html

Marketing Planning for Gu Fru Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing Planning for Gu Fru - Essay Example They offer variety of flavors such as, lime, raspberry, chocolate, mango and passion fruit (JustFood, 2011). Mission: Company mission is to create quality and tasteful mousses, souffles, chocs, cheesecakes, melting middles, tortes, brownie cakes, nibbles and naughties and to create a whole new world of chocolate extremism that’s strictly for adults; which will give them decadently delightful delicacies (GuPuds, 2011). Segmentation, Targeting, locations, population and Trends: GU changed its brand image and re-launches its brand in the market with stronger brands and packaging. The addition of the chocolate line makes this company stronger in the market who are dealing in same packaged products (Gatten, 2011). This market is divided into several sub segments, such as: Chilled Disserts Formage Frais Yogurts GU is offering products in the chilled disserts segment. The UK market for pot disserts and Yogurt is look like: Figure 1: Market Share of Chilled Food in UK 2009 (The Free L ibrary, 2011) The pot dissert market in UK is almost worth around ?1.9 billion, which also includes yougurt. This market almost grown 9.8% due to chilled disserts and yogurt which together makes 88% of the market. Chilled dissert is second largest segment of the industry and worth almost over ?0.5 billion and growing with rapid pace of over 4% in UK (The Free Library, 2011). Main market for Gu in this segments are young adults and in Britain 660,900 tonnes of chocolate a year were eaten and almost 11kg per person per year is the rate. The target market for this segment is young kids, young adults and elderly people as well. This segments most likely target market is kids and youngsters. UK Pot Dissert Market: This is the main market for GU and this market is grown significantly in last couple of years in UK. The main factors of this growth is people living alone are increased significantly and demand for single and smaller disserts increased significantly in result which will be a g ood trend for products like Gu. The chilled dissert market is almost worth around ?618.3 million in year 2010 which is up from ?597.2 million in year 2009. The market is grown significantly The market demand for products, like; chilled and pot disserts, puddings, mousses and cheese cakes are on the rise in UK and all these products are offered by GU. The quarter of the adults eat disserts as a part of their main meal. Disserts are mainly served in house hold to children, two-third working mothers buy these pot disserts for their kids (Bainbridge, 2006). The target market for chilled pot disserts is mainly adults. The main age of the target consumer is in between 15 and 25. Where people with age over 65 also a main target for such products. People with age between 45 and 54 are the least likely buyer of such products (Bainbridge, 2006). Marketing Mix (4Ps) Product/Service Strategy: The products are innovative and very unique, people love to try their products and enjoy it. The only p roblem with their products is that people on the diet should be care full before eating their products. Although, the share of the company is not high but the company is gaining momentum in the market